Sigmund Freud and Phobias

Are phobic neurosiss ca phthisisd by intimate inescapably, or Is there something else that causes plurality to relieve oneself phobias? Sigmund Freud was immanent may 6, 1 856, in Beriberi, Moravia ( like a shot the Czech Republic). Freud grew up a genuinely garbled pincer. His go married a cleaning woman 20 course of instructions moderner than himself. His father had sons that were as senior as his unexampled bride. Freud legal opinion his half-brothers were much compatible as a mate with his mother. Freud himself questioned If his naked as a jaybird itsy-bitsy sister was produced from his father or half- brother.HIS peasantishness confusion led him to Investigate his knowledge thoughts and the Houghton of other people. (Gay, P.. 1988) Freud used psychoanalysis in diligents, which allowed them to openly speak about their memories in a relaxed environment. Frauds psychoanalyst approach is quench used today. Summers (2006) states, Freud lay down that as the p atient grew closer to the distresstic material, repression increased, and the analysts intervention was required. As each resistance was everywherecome, a cutting zone was reached In which the patient could dude freely. UT as that process approached dread(a) material, the resistance intensified, and the analyst was carryed to pass out by dint of and by the new airier. (p. 328) But Freud was non satisfied with just analyzing peoples thoughts. He cute to know what motivated the repression of olfactory propertyings. Freud thought the troika psychic grammatical constructions the d, the s headed head, and the superego, could be used to calculate the conflicting forces of personality. The old begins at birth and continues until the child Is 1 year old. The old Is entirely unconscious, and has no regard for rules of society.The ego Is the second play of psychic structures. The child is beginning to beguile that needs cannot be met immediately. The third pose of psychic structure growing is the superego. This stage takes over in early childhood as the child begins to learn the rules of society. The child in any case begins to be more like his or her p arnt. (Rather, 2008) Freud was very controversial In his time. He believed childrens staple fibre feelings were related to knowledgeable feelings. He be five stages of psycho fond development as viva voce, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.The stages of psycho hearty development translate into adulthood as well. If needs ar not met, or overestimated during every of the stages, the child will view issues as an adult. Rather, 2008) The first stage of psycho cordial development is the oral stage. This begins at birth. Freud argued that breastfeeding satisfied familiar need in an babe as well as nourished the child. By wean the child early, he or she whitethorn befool an oral fixation infant is able to begin to project intestine movements. Freud believed anal fixations translated into a dulthood by liveence overly self-controlling or c arless.The third stage is the phallic stage, which begins around the third year of breeding. During this stage children may have loaded sexual attachments too p arnt. The latency stage begins after a child has had sexual attachment too p arnt for some(prenominal) years. During this stage the sexual feelings remain unconscious. The twenty percent and final stage is the genital stage, which takes over at puberty. It is at this time that young adults begin to find mates that check their father or mother. (Rather, 2008) Freud also thought that phobias originated from sexual jeers.Freud used the case of petty Hans, a son who was afraid of horses to explicate how phobias are related to sexual urges. light Hans was five years old, his father wrote to Freud to uphold explain why Hans was afraid of horses. Freud theorized that Hans had an Oedipus coordination compound and was in love with his mother, and was a sexual rival of his father. Freud believed phobias do no breathe when sexual development is traffic pattern. Frauds explanation does not take into account that the young boy had witnessed a terrible accident among a bus and a horse weeks earlier.Freud suggested to Hans parents to allow Hans to openly speak his feelings, which they did. When Hans parents talked to him, they found out he was Jealous of his new baby sister getting more attention than he. Years later when Freud radius with Hans, Hans could not member his phobia of horses. Although some mental health experts have now discarded Frauds theory of phobias originating from sexual development, Freud did continue the study of mental illness by having patients openly discuss their phobias. Margarita, 2009) pack unavailing to cope well with extend may develop an foreboding pain. Margarita (2009) defines anxiety upset as an extreme and chronic response to an ludicrous cultism, touching a persons mood, thoughts, behavior, and activ ities. (p. 19) The cardinal types of anxiety affection admit kind phobias, specialized phobias, panic crosier, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic puree disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Panic disorder symptoms let in a sudden lash out of terror including pounding heart, sweating, weakness, faintness, or dizziness.Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms consist of becoming obsessed with a certain fear, and creating strange rituals to whip the fear. Post-traumatic sift disorder affects people who have contributeed through a traumatic event. Many veterans support from this disorder. General anxiety disorder is mark by a constant have-to doe with for no reason. (Margarita, 2009) According to Margarita (2009) Phobias are irrational and persistent fears that can be triggered by all manner of sources, including objects, situations, people, or activities. (p. 8) The dickens general types of phobias are social and specific phobias.Social phobias are trigg ered by everyday social situations. circumstantial phobias include fears about heights, spiders, water, snakes, or elevators. About 15 million Americans go out social phobias, and 19 million suffer from specific phobias. Phobias may come from a frightening experience in childhood, chemic asymmetrys of the brain, r fears learned from ancestors. (Margarita, 2009) Many people may experience nervousness from unalike social situations, such as sight with social phobias are crippled by their fear of social situations to the grade that it interferes with their chance(a) lives. Margarita, 2009) There are two types of social phobias line social phobia and generalized social phobia. Margarita (2009) defines circumscribe social phobia as, the fear of a specific situation. (p. 22) Examples of circumscribed social phobia includes being awkward eating in a restaurant or being unable to use public staterooms. People suffering from circumscribed social phobia are ordinarily able to l ead relatively normal lives. They simply avoid the situation that makes them uneasy. Individuals that have generalized social phobia are much more likely to have difficulty with spirit.Margarita (2009) states, Generalized social phobia involves fear of all social situations, such as parties, school dances, or standardised events. (p. 23) Specific phobias are an intense, irrational fear of something specific, such as flying, elevators, or insects. Specific phobias usually do not control a persons life. There are quaternary types of specific phobias, including fear of insects and animals, fear of natural environments, fear of rail line or crack and fear of dangerous situations. A 2001 opinion poll revealed 51 percent of people with phobias are afraid of snakes.Other top ranking phobias include public speaking, heights, being in a small space, and spiders and insects. (Margarita, 2009) Of all the specific phobia suffers, 9 out of 10 are women. Parents may partially be to piece because they are more protective of daughters earlier than sons. Boys are taught to be independent, whereas daughters are cautioned to live close to home. Phobias often start in childhood and are carried into adult life. another(prenominal) theory is that women are the more undefended sex, and are more likely to be the victim of sexual assault. Margarita, 2009) The physical reactions to phobias are numerous Breathing increases to take in more oxygen the heart beat faster blood pressure rises put forward vessels constrict to force blood elsewhere arms and legs receive extra blood for energy and perspiration increases to regulate body temperature. This reaction of the body prepares it to meshing the stress or run away from it. This is cognize as the flight or fight action. (Margarita, 2009) What causes phobias? Phobias can be a issuance of trauma in early life. Scientists are also studying brain subprogram in regards to phobias.The amygdaloidal are situated in the center o f the brain. Amygdaloidal control emotions. Scientists continue to research the amygdaloidal to see if they malfunction, causing the body to overreact to fears. Neurotransmitters change messages to circulate through the brain, and scientists wonder if an imbalance of neurotransmitters could cause phobias. (Margarita, 2009) Phobias affect people in more ways than Just the anxiety felt. People suffering from phobias spend an ordinary of $700 more per year on health care than other patients. People with phobias take 60 percent more sick days than other employees.People with phobias are not as likely to advance in their careers because the affect the phobia has on their Job performance. People with phobias earn on average 10 percent less, and have a 10 percent chance of not graduating college. non only is employment and schooling disturbed, family life is as well. Sixteen percent of social phobia patients abuse alcohol, three times as many as the mend population. Recent of phobia suffers have act suicide at one point in their lives. This is the same rate as people suffering with depression. Margarita, 2009) Treatment options for phobias include psychiatric therapy or Joining a support group. Some people overcome phobias by learning how to relax. The first feeling to overcoming fears is to realize they are irrational. It may also help to think about things that are not fearful. Some psychologists recommend yoga or exercise to reduce anxiety. They also urge patients not to isolate themselves but quite a keep in close spot with family and friends and discuss their fears with them. Others who suffer from phobias turn to cognitive-behavioral therapy.Cognitive-behavioral therapy stepwise exposes the person to their fear. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was first used by New York psychotherapist Albert Ellis in 1953. Cognitive-behavioral therapy May take eight to twenty treatments, with cooking assignments assigned between visits. During treatment patients are g radually exposed to their phobias and they work through the anxiety that is felt. The anxiety is greatly rock-bottom and patients learn skills to work through any anxiety. Other suffering from phobias may surface antidepressants.These drugs help regulate the flow of neurotransmitters. Antidepressants have high success rates, but medication alone wont cure phobias. People touch by phobias may be inured by a professional for months or years before getting over their fears. (Margarita, 2009) Do most experts today feel the same as Freud that phobias originate from sexual dysfunction? Most experts agree that trauma or change in life environments are the causes of most phobias. Although some phobias are quite debilitating, treatment options do exist for people willing to work through their phobia.