The Challenges of Managing Communication, Leadership and Decision Making Free Essay Example, 1500 words

It is quite essential to state that according to Manz and Neck (1997) the self-managing teams threatens effective group decision making (18). Policies reflect management thinking on basic matters and inform those interested in the activities of the company about the company's intentions regarding them. The role of managers is to level possible disagreements and create a positive climate and atmosphere. In the hospitality sector, cohesive groups and self-managing teams create tension and pressure which has a negative impact on critical analysis and decision-making process. The challenge of management is to restructure (if necessary) self-managing teams and introduce new methods and forms of communication between teams members. Cohesiveness is more likely when members of a team are to gather for a reasonable length of time, and changes occur only slowly. Strict guidelines and rules established by a manager will help to avoid conflict situations and the turnover of members (Bardi 2002 .). Low morale and a negative attitude are often associated with a large number of team members undertaking similar work. This requires realistic planning by which the degree and quality of goal achievement can be determined (Davidson 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on The Challenges of Managing Communication, Leadership and Decision Making or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In this case, communication and leadership are the main tools used by management to eliminate cultural differences and tension (Beardwell et al 2001).

International Institutions and Realism - 2398 Words

Becky, Tam Hing Lui Prof. Chan Ding Ding GPEC 5002 Challenges to the Global System: Insecurity of the World 17 November 2012 HOW CAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FACILITATE COOPERATION? WHAT WOULD A REALIST SAY ABOUT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS? Nations call for cooperation especially during and after crisis. One example was the Bretton Wood system created in 1944, with the purpose to revive the global economy after the serious damage in WWII. After the 2008 financial crisis, nations again asked for more international regulations and monitoring on the global financial system and suggested the â€Å"Bretton Wood II†. When we step back and think again, does the international regime facilitate cooperation between nations to solve global†¦show more content†¦The GATT, unlike the IMF and World Bank, was not an independent organization but rather a forum within which countries met. This provides a platform for elites to negotiate and reach agreement and avoid conflicts and adverse competition. With the GATT rounds held between 1947 and 1967, most barriers have been removed and tariffs have been the lowest. With the Bretton Wood framework in place along with the newly established international institutions which pro vide free market, long term capital and stable monetary system, global trade and production exploded during the period. Over the first 25 postwar years, the volume of world trade doubled every 10 years (4). This has been proven as a successful international cooperation in the modern history. (II) World Trade Organization (WTO) Established under the Marrakech Agreement in 1995, the Geneva based WTO replaced GATT as the center of world trade system. Its core principles are to promote market liberalization, non-discrimination and provide legal structure for international trade. Same as GATT, it provides forum for trade negotiations and administers trade agreements. In addition, WTO also supplies mechanism through which governments may resolve trade disputes, review and propagate the national trade policies, provide useful data and information, and to ensure the coherence and transparency of trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making. The Decision makingShow MoreRelatedThe United States And China1521 Words   |  7 Pagesmore pressing international events. As China’s rise becomes more apparent, many wonder what effects it will have on the global economy and whether it will lead to conflict between the United States and China. Through the exploration of realism, liberalism, and constructivism the consequences of China’s rise can be understood. Each theory of international relations has a different approach to power, especially when it comes to the shift in the distribution of power. The theory of realism stresses theRead MoreRealism, Liberalism And Constructivism : The Field Of International Relations1379 Words   |  6 PagesIn the field of international relations, there are a multitude of theories or schools of thought. All of these theories have a different perspective on how the world operates and how states interact with each other. The more popular theories are realism, liberalism and constructivism. All three theories recognize that the international system is anarchical; there is no overarching power to govern world affairs. Realism is a view of international politics that emphasizes its competitive and conflictingRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Approaches1424 Words   |  6 Pagesapproach is realism. This viewpoint stresses that the principal actors, states, will pursue their own interests in an anarchical world. States will try to establish a balance of power that restrains aggressive states from dominating weaker ones. The second approach is idealism. This view stresses that states should transform the system into a new international order where peace can prevail. This approach emphases the spread of democracy across the world and the creation of international institutions. RealismRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Rights1256 Words   |  6 Pagesliberalism and realism, and assess that human rights can best be examined through liberalism due to its ability to bring light to international cooperation and optimism to everyday human nature. Liberalism essentially points to international law and international i nstitutions as an important feature of the international landscape while realism exclusively is state-centric, therefore, does not pay attention to the individual needs of humans nor groups of humans. Also, I will identify why realism privilegesRead MoreThe Rise Of Chin Through The Realist Looking Glass1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rise of China: Through the Realist Looking Glass The ‘rise of China’ is lauded as the determinative issue for international relations this century with China assuming a more powerful role in the international system. This essay considers the issue of China’s rise and its implications for international security from both an offensive and defensive realist approach. I will show that neither realist approach can adequately explain China’s rise and its implications because it relies on realist optimismRead MoreThree Perspectives On Russia s Intervention1006 Words   |  5 PagesLauren Wells PSC 1003 Midterm October 19, 2015 Three Perspectives on Russia’s Intervention in Syria Much of the international news right now seems to relate to the crisis situation created by the civil war in Syria. The topic is on the minds of politicians, especially regarding the Syrian refugees hoping to escape the dangers of the war. Syrian rebels are attempting to overthrow the existing government. Some of these rebels have the support of the United States while others, such as thoseRead MoreDifference Between Realism And Social Constructivism1577 Words   |  7 Pagesanarchy in the international system. They all base their suppositions of interactions between actors, state or non-state, on the idea that they exist in an international, anarchic void (Smuthkalin). Though the degree to which they credit anarchy with causality varies from theory to theory, its permanence and permeation are constant. The differences between these theories, however, is what sets liberalism apart as the most accurate descriptor of international politics. Both realism and social constructivismRead MoreLiberalism and Realism Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesRealism and Liberalism are two extremely prominent theories of international relations. These doctrines exhibit sagacious perceptions about war, foreign affairs and domestic relations. The fundamental principles of protocol in which we rely upon aren’t always apprehensive (Karle, Warren, 2003). By interpreting the data one could fathom these ideas. The assessment of these faculties wield noteworthy dominance about the concepts of international affairs. In analyzing this data, you will comprehendRead MoreWhy Realism Fails Counterinsurgency?1417 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Realism Fails Counterinsurgency Introduction: As seen through US policymakers, realism fails counterinsurgency Definitions: Relevant to realism, fail has three definitions: To lack prevention, to lack aim of root causes, and to lack efficiency upon trial. Realism does not prevent future insurgency acts Realism does not prevent future insurgency acts as there has been an increase in the magnitude of threat and the use of the traditional framework around war. First, a notable politicalRead MoreRealism And Liberalism In International Relations1610 Words   |  7 PagesA theory of international relations is a set of the ideas that explains how the international system works and how its operated. Unlike an ideology, a theory of international relations would at least be in principle, backed up with a large amount of concrete evidence. The two major theories of international relations would be realism and liberalism. Liberalism and realism are two of the most important theories in the field of International Relations. All because they are both different from one

The Lord s Standing Law Of Marriage - 1385 Words

Latter-day Saints believe that the marriage of one man and one woman is the Lord’s standing law of marriage. In biblical times, the Lord commanded some to practice plural marriage—the marriage of one man and more than one woman.1 By revelation, the Lord commanded Joseph Smith to institute the practice of plural marriage among Church members in the early 1840s. For more than half a century, plural marriage was practiced by some Latter-day Saints under the direction of the Church President.2 Latter-day Saints do not understand all of God’s purposes in instituting, through His prophets, the practice of plural marriage. The Book of Mormon identifies one reason for God to command it: to increase the number of children born in the gospel covenant in order to â€Å"raise up seed unto [the Lord].†3 Plural marriage did result in the birth of large numbers of children within faithful Latter-day Saint homes. It also shaped 19th-century Mormon society in many ways: marriage became available to virtually all who desired it; per-capita inequality of wealth was diminished as economically disadvantaged women married into more financially stable households; and ethnic intermarriages were increased, which helped to unite a diverse immigrant population. Plural marriage also helped create and strengthen a sense of cohesion and group identification among Latter-day Saints. Church members came to see themselves as a â€Å"peculiar people,† covenant-bound to carry out the commands of God despite outsideShow MoreRelatedThe Great Ancestry Of The Crown Of Camelot1166 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Marriage Rite with a druid priestess begat a son, Balinor Emrys of the Dragon Lord line, Earl of Snowdonia†¦ Merlin heard his mother s gasp resound across the near silent room. He grinned, wondering what she was going to think of the next part. This has been corroborated by His Royal Majesty, King Lot of Lothian and the High Druid Iseldir. Lord Balinor, joined to Hunith of Ealdor, in turn begat one son. Merlin took a deep breath and stepped partially out of the shadows, standing near theRead MoreMy Worldview Can Best Be Described As An Overflow1011 Words   |  5 Pageskill animals for provision. The Lord also created families, and I align with His perspective on how they should be organized. Marriage is to be between one man and one woman, always(Gen 2:24, Matt. 19:4-5). Husbands are to be the head of their households; they are to lead their families, and love their wives as Christ loved the church. Wives are also to love their husbands, submit to them, and help them (Eph. 5:22-30). Children, which are blessings from the Lord (Ps. 127:3), are to obey their parentsRead MoreThe Great Charter By King John Of England1697 Words   |  7 Pagesof Magna Carta, one of the famous rules were first introduced and issued by King John of England in 1215 as a political solution to the troubles he encounter in 1215, the first principle was established is, including the king, everyone is subject to law. However most of the clauses and the rules were either changed or deleted. In 1215 Magna Carta was a peace treanty between the John King and barons. King John raised an army with the tax mo ney and that army was defeated in French bottle, moreover, KingRead MoreThe Aspect Of Religious Expression Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pages The aspect of religious expression that I have chosen is Gay marriage. Gay marriage or same-sex marriage was passed by the house of representatives in new zealand on 19th August 2013. With the world slowly adjusting to the views of same-sex marriage NZ joined as the 13th country to recognise and support it as a legal civil union. Civil union is the recognition of two people being in a union as a legal status without religious input. Despite New Zealand being a predominantly secular society i willRead MoreGame of Thrones relationship to Modern Political Philosophy1541 Words   |  6 Pagesand more visible. Influence also becomes a theme that is visible to the other season of the series. Influence as the main theme creates other themes visible and it corresponds to the major theme that I choose. With the line spoken by â€Å"the Spider† or Lord Varys in episode 4 season 3 â€Å"Influence grows like a weed, I tended mine patiently until its tendrils reached from the Red Keep all the way across the far side of the world† (Nutter, 2011). As th e quote say, influence can expand with proper refinementRead MoreMarital Breakdown and Divorce Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages Over the last 40 years, sociological research has provided statistics suggesting a significant increase in the number of marriages ending in divorce. In this essay I aim to justify this increase and explain why statistics may give a misleading picture. The way I have decided to structure this essay is firstly to look at a brief history of the laws governing divorce over the last century, then to discuss the statistics and finally to conclude with possible reasons andRead MoreThe Church Of Jesus Christ1747 Words   |  7 PagesSept. 8th, 2016 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints: Mormon Lifestyle The Mormon faith has been around since the 1800s starting in New York. The Mormon lifestyle is similar to ours but can differ in many ways from history, beliefs, marriage, diets, and branches of the religion and even care plans. Most people believe that the Mormons follow their founder Joseph Smith, but that is untrue. The Mormon faith was founded by a man named Joseph Smith. He was born in Vermont on December 23rdRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory : A Man For All Seasons1640 Words   |  7 Pagesasked to support the petition to the pope to have Henry VIII’s marriage to his wife, Catherine of Aragà ³n, annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn. More refused because divorce was not accepted in the Catholic faith. More opposes the divorce, but he declares that he prays every day that Catherine produces a male heir. Although More believes in God’s law, he expresses that man’s law provides protection. If one completely takes away human’s law, there is no way to endure the â€Å"Devil’s† corruption. He voicesRead MoreThe Gathering Place : A Refuge For Rebuilding Lives1216 Words   |  5 Pages‘The Gathering Place’ with an extension to the phrase such as ‘church’ or ‘a refuge for rebuilding lives’. Although, the formerly listed companies’ phrases maybe distinct enough from Mrs. Jackson to use the phrase ‘The Gathering Place’, the Good Standing status of a company with the name ‘The Gathering Place Inc.’ (Col. Sec. Stat. 20141495695, 2014) would not allow Mrs. Jackson to use the phrase as the name of her business. Based on this finding she will not be able to use ‘The Gathering Place’Read MoreThe Wars Of The Roses1181 Words   |  5 Pagesas one of the most important clashes in the Wars of the Roses, since it brought about a decisive turn in the fortunes of the two houses. Edward s victory was followed by fourteen years of Yorkist rule over England. Formerly a key figure in the Yorkist cause, Warwick defected to the Lancastrians over disagreements about Edward s nepotism, secret marriage, and foreign policy. Leading a Lancastrian army, the earl defeated his former allies, forcing Edward to flee to Burgundy. The Yorkist king persuaded

Dementia And Alzheimer s Dementia - 995 Words

Dementia and Alzheimer s Dementia and Alzheimer’s was discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. He discovered both of them, dementia is like Alzheimer’s just not as severe. Dementia has several different types, these include Alzheimer s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and Front temporal dementia. The first changes you notice with dementia is Cognitive changes. These include memory loss, difficulty communicating or finding words, difficulty with complex tasks, difficulty with planning and organizing, difficulty with coordination and motor functions, and problems with disorientation, such as getting lost. Other changes are Psychological changes. These include personality changes, inability to reason, inappropriate behavior, paranoia, agitation and hallucinations. Dementia affects many areas of the brain, it also involves damage to the nerve cells in the brain. Dementia has many different risk factors, these are risk factors that can t be changed is your age and family history. When you are about the age of 65 you become more at risk of having Alzheimer s and Vascular dementia. You also can t change your family history, if your family has dementia you are at greater risk of getting it. Risk factors that you can change is heavy alcohol use and atherosclerosis. If you consume a large amount of alcohol that can lead to having a greater risk of dementia. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fats and other substances in and on your artery walls.Show MoreRelatedAlzheimer s And Alzheimer Dementia991 Words   |  4 PagesSome alternate names for Alzeheimer s include Alzheimer dementia (AD), Alzheimer dementiia, syndrome, and sclerosis. The name of the disease was chosen after Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer was credited with discovering the first case of presenile dementia. This would later be called Alzheimer s disease in honor of Dr. Alzheimer s discovery. In the year of 1901, Dr. Alzheimer was studying a 51-year-old patient named Auguste Deter. The patient was suffering from strage behavioral patterns of symptoms. OneRead MoreAlzheimer s A Type Of Dementia1660 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia that causes complications with memory, thinking, and behavior. Long before any signs of memory loss, there a microscopic changes occurring in the brain, altering its functionality (Alzheimer s Association Organization, 2016). The brain has billions of nerve cells that work together, and when one portion of the brains neurons are malfunctioning it leads to breakdowns in other parts of the brain. The two most noted abnormal structures that are suspectedRead MoreAlzheimer s Dementia And Its Effects1496 Words   |  6 Pages5 kids, the perfect job and a cookie-cutter husband. Or maybe you travel the world, have a rockin’ body and work for the CIA. Unfortunately that isn’t the outcome for everyone. There are those who will develop Alzheimer s dementia. Alzheimer’s dementia is responsible for 60-80% of dementia cases and is the 6th leading cause of death in America (Alzheimer’s Association). Once diagnosed there’s no escaping it’s grip. The severity and rapid progressive state of the disease make Alzheimer’s a ratherRead MoreDementia And Alzheimer s Disease1923 Words   |  8 Pagesperson with dementia might say. Many patients with dementia lose their memories of growing up and may think they are a child again. Or perhaps they think they are still at home and caring for their families. You could see why some dementia patients may be upset or have behaviors because of this. Not every person with dementia is the same, but most symptoms are similar. In the knowledge of health science there are four different types of dementia which are Vascular Dementia, Lewy Body Dementia, FrontotemporalRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Dementia2089 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract This analysis of degenerative diseases covers four main diseases in today’s world, including: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Dementia. Alzheimer’s is a degenerative form of dementia that attacks neurons causing the total or partial loss of memory, thinking abilities, language skills, and basic behaviors. Parkinson’s is a progressive disease that targets the central nervous system. Generally the disease will cause tremors, loss of coordination, paralysisRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease, Vascular Dementia, And Lewy Body Dementia2280 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Dementia has many forms and it is a decline in memory, language and reasoning. Alzheimer’s is a form of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, meaning the loss of function and stability. This is a disease that affects cognitive and physical abilities in the patient. Many people in the world have Alzheimer’s and it is in elders over the age of 65. There are lots of treatments available, but there is no cure for it. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease (A.D), CaregiversRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease Vs. Dementia2014 Words   |  9 Pages Alzheimer s disease vs. Dementia Name Institution Alzheimer s disease vs. Dementia Alzheimer’s is an irreversible, progressive disease of the brain that gradually destroys memory as well as thinking skills. It eventually destroys the ability to perform the simplest chores. In many individuals with Alzheimer’s, the symptoms manifest after 65 years of age. Among the elderly people, Alzheimer’s illness is the leading cause of dementia (Stern, 2006). Dementia includes a loss ofRead MoreThe Differences Between Dementia And Alzheimer s Dementia1956 Words   |  8 Pages1- Background information on dementia and what it is 2- The differences between dementia and Alzheimer’s 3- How dementia changes parts of the brain 4- How the behaviour of those with dementia is affected 5- Impairments caused by dementia 6- How sufferers live with the disease 7- The treatments and cost of treating dementia 8- Incidence rates of the disease and how common it is 27 June 7- Acetyl Choline – chemical messenger in the brain which makes â€Å"neurones spark better and speak to each otherRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Type Of Dementia1154 Words   |  5 Pagestype of dementia that causes problems with your memory and behavior. Dementia is a term for the severe loss of mental ability that it interferes with your daily life. This is caused by damage to the brain cells. Alzheimer s disease is the most common type of dementia and is characterized by gradual declines mental abilities (Journal of Clinical Diagnostic Research, 2016). The disease slowly attacks nerve cells in all parts of the brain and some surrounding structures, that impairs a person s abilitiesRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Type Of Dementia1117 Words   |  5 Pagestype of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. Alzheimer’s disease, a type of dementia, was first discovered by Alois Alzheimer in 1906; in which it accounts for almost 60%-80% of a ll dementia cases. Dementia is not a specific disease; it is an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person’s ability to perform everyday activities (Alzheimer s Disease Dementia | Alzheimer

The Anatomy Of Religion By Anthony Wallace - 1378 Words

In his article â€Å"The Anatomy of Religion†, Anthony Wallace discussed how certain behavior can be considered as religious behavior. In this article, he named thirteen different behavior that are religious. While not all the thirteen behavior are going to be observed in every religion, but it is certain that many of them will be observed in every religion. It is also important to note that some of these behaviors are more obvious in certain religions. For example, one of the behavior is sacrifice. This behavior can be observed differently in Christianity and voodoo; in voodoo people sacrifice goats or chickens while Christians gives offerings at church. The Rastafarian movement of Jamaica is one of the youngest religion practiced; it is not even an hundred years old. For religion that is so young, it is understandable that not a lot people know what the religion is about; certain people don’t even know that it is a religion. For some people, when they hear Rastafari t hey only think about Bob Marley. Using the Wallace’s essay, the Rastafarian movement of Jamaica can be analyzed. One of the religious behavior mentioned by Wallace is the act of addressing the super natural most known in a Christian society as prayer. Just like Christians, Rastafarians also pray, they also address the supernatural. In everything they do, they say a prayer. For example before smoking ganja, it is possible that some of them say a little prayer. ButShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRastafarianism is an absurd religion include: 1. Rastafarianism has been around for only about seventy years. Yet in that time it has gained inexplicable fame around the world, boasting converts from all races and nationalities. 2. Adherents of the faith appear to be relatively small in number. One study suggests that less than one percent of Jamaicans describe themselves as Rastafarians. Yet the average non-Jamaican assumes that Rastafarianism is the national religion of Jamaica. 3. Rastas believeRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesAccounting Principles, 9th Edition_Jerry J. Weygandt, Paul D. Kimmel, Donald E. Kieso (TB) Accounting Research Tools and Strategies, 7th Edition_Thomas R. Weirich, Thomas C. Pearson, Natalie Tatiana Churyk (ISM) Accounting Text and Cases, 13e_Robert N. Anthony,David F. Hawkins,Kenneth A. Merchant (ISM) Accounting Tools for Business Decision Making , 5th Edition_Paul D. Kimmel, Jerry J. Weygandt, Donald E. Kieso (SM+TB) Accounting Tools for Business Decision Making, 4th Edition,Kimmel, Weygandt, KiesoRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages Diversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse EmployeesRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesGiertz, Parkland College; Don Hantula, St. Joseph’s University; Milton Alexander, Auburn University; James F. Cashman, University of Alabama; Douglas Wozniak, Ferris State University; Greg Bach, Bismark State College; Glenna Dod, Wesleyan College; Anthony McGann, University of Wyoming; Robert D. Nale, Coastal Carolina University; Robert H. Votaw, Amber University; Don Fagan, Daniel Webster University; Andrew J. Deile, Mercer University; Samuel Hazen, Tarleton State University; Michael B. McCormick

Snacko Case free essay sample

Therefore, snack products which cater to local/regional tastes cater to a people on the move that believe in purchasing good value for their rupees. B) How does one promote the sales of snack products and what are the objectives of trade promotion? Trade promotion is designed to increase inventory turnover in retail shops, as sometimes products can sit on valuable shelf space for some time. Promotional pricing, public events such as fun runs and tasting, Internet pop-ups, Mobile ads, W, radio, etc would help increase sales on stagnant brands.Bonus Packs, Promotional pricing also helps as well. C) Analyze the various promotion schemes, the possible incinerations that have been taken into account while implementing them and what has been left out. When a firm is promoting relatively inexpensive consumer products in a highly competitive market, such as snack foods, sales of the product(s) inventory are the critical goal and key concerns due to the perishable nature of those products. We will write a custom essay sample on Snacko Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The six types of Trade promotions indicated in the case were geared either to the vast network of retailers in India or directly toward the end user/consumer. The first type of scheme targets the younger customer, in which gifts are included in the snack packages. This is similar to what breakfast cereal producers did for any years in the L]. S, include toys/special prizes in the boxes.The second type of scheme was geared to the distributor as well retail outlets, which included incentives for retailers, at the discretion of the distributor. D) Design an evaluation scheme for trade promotion by Snacks.

Accounting Information System for Tax Agencies - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Information Systemfor Tax Agencies. Answer: Introduction An Accounting Information System (AIS) is a structure that a business uses to collect, store, and retrieve financial data so that it can be used by accountants, auditors, consultants and regulatory and tax agencies. The various components of Accounting information consists of procedures, instructions, data, software, information technology infrastructure. The AIS system also incorporates a level of integrity between different departments of an organization leading to smooth and effective function of the organization (Romney and Steinbart, 2012). In this review, we will get in touch of cloud computing system and various form of cloud computing that are available in the market. In addition, we are going to evaluate challenges and benefits of the AIS system, with a brief literature review (Klemstine and Maher, 2013). Cloud Computing System Cloud computing provides people to share large amount of decentralized resources belonging to different organization. However, it poses a threat to the security dimension and data protection technology (Brazel and Agoglia, 2014). Cloud computing has developed from the grid computing technology. Cloud computing has led to coordination of diverse resource of various organization under a same roof which also caused various secreted information of different organization to be exposed to other organization. It posed a major challenge to data protection and data security. Users from diverse platform come together on a centralized scale to work together in an efficient way. Trust is a major tool in maintaining security and smooth running of the system. Eucalyptus- is an open source software framework for cloud computing system implementing Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) system that incorporates the ability to control entire virtual machines deployed across variety physical resources. It makes the users to become familiar with the existing Grid and HPC system. As cloud computing has become a research hotspot among modern technology, it has led to revolutionary change in the field of education. It inculcates various e-learning, network and developing of software and hardware platform of e-learning system developing a huge business worldwide. Cloud computing is mainly based on networks, especially based on the Internet, whose task is to ensure the users use the computing resources on demand and pay money for their usage. E- Learning computer model includes the uses of different e-learning techniques through customization of e- learning frameworks encouraging scalability, feasibility and accessibility. The role of Information Technology has an adverse effect in the banking industry or financial markets compared to other sectors. AIS system provides prompt and reliable services to the users and serves users through delivering of appropriate service. Figure 1: Cloud computing (Source: Mather, Kumaraswamy, 2014) Challenges and Benefits Now that we have a fairly clear idea on Clouds based Accounting Information 1System, let us go over briefly the problems and the positive things that comes with the software. Since this is a newly introduced software, it costs significantly more. You have to pay much higher for online accounting package rather than what you normally churn up for desktop accounting package. But then again, this expenditure seems meaningful since you only have to spend this money every few years as updates are to be bought every 4 or 5 years. Whereas, manual accountings have be dealt with every single year without fail. Since the whole software operates via the internet, you will never have physically access to your own data. All data is stored online in different servers throughout the world. So, your data could be anywhere! In any of the continents. While not many are very concerned with this, there are some who are. And that panic does seem viable standing in todays world. Your online data could be accessed by the government or any other 3rd Your business data can be analyzed, audited again or just can be gone through by literally anyone. But the government can only do this if the rules and jurisdiction allows it to. This is a fully automated online system. So the software can only work on a number of definite algorithms. It has only few specific modes and ways to work and offers some specific bundles. You may not always get what youre really looking for. Something that has your special needs. No custom packages while desktop accounting system would absolutely cater to your personal requirements. The clouds based system has only what it offers now and its future software updates. Most clouds based accounting systems dont give you any option to backup your own data even if you want to take out prints of certain reports or to export it somewhere else. So if you change to a different accounting plan, your previous data gets all erased. Even if you dont get monthly subscriptions because you dont want to pay extra, you will have difficulties keeping your data. This is a serious flaw because some countrys rules specify it to keep records of businesses for a few years even after the business ends or stops. Despite all these obvious problems, clouds based accounting system still has some great advantages over manual accounting system that makes for a strong case in its favor (Hall, 2012). Since all data is stored online the business owner or any other employee can access the information from anywhere anytime. They dont have to be physically present in the location which at times can be a huge advantage to curtail logistics and transportation costs of a small business. On clouds based accounting system, accessing a document is as easy as taking a call. Online data can prove to be an enormous help when it comes to maintain a good relationship with the vendors and distributors. Any discrepancies regarding delivery of goods or unpaid bills can be looked over at immediately, from anywhere and be sorted with rather ease than what one has to go through if the whole process is done physically going to places. This also makes collaboration works that much easier! Clouds based systems have an integrated platform which enables you to access data and tools from other clouds software and apps if you buy any one clouds based accounting technology. It saves massive amount of time by curbing manual data entry. All the data is updated constantly. So one can have a clear view of the financial situation of the company almost everywhere anytime. The updates are automatic which means the business owner doesnt have to worry about updating the software or getting the latest version installed. Also, the updates are free. So no more upfront business costs. Clouds based accounting system is a great way to support and care for the environment. Everything online helps you to go paperless which in turn ensures a greener planet. Less paper also helps you to do away with paperwork in your office and keep the place clean. Another great thing about clouds based accounting systems is that the whole software grows with your business. So you never feel that your software is technologically inferior to handle all the data and information when your business grows to become a larger entity. (Mather, Kumaraswamy and Latif, 2009) Recommendation Accounting Information System is an integral part within the information systems that require high quality data. The success factors in the AIS system mainly include service quality, data quality and system quality. From literature review, these qualities mark significance in AIS success factors for increasing organizational competency (Salehi, Rostami, and Mogadam 2010). The AIS system is a major contributor in IT revolution, decision-making process and strategic planning and financial monitoring. AIS has helped many commercial banks in maintaining their administrative activities such as maintaining financial position, performance and to keep an eye on the liquid transactions. The study revealed that AIS maintains the characteristics, and meet requirements of an informative system. The uses are vast including data storage, data entry and processing meaningful output assisting both financial and non- financial administrative decision making process. Therefore, AIS is a managerial dec ision-making aid. AIS system supports internal control mechanism of the industries employing ERP system. In todays world, there is a huge need of a computing tool, which is effective in widespread information to different organization. Effective decision making helps in increasing organizational efficiency. Now a days due to revolution in the computer sector the banking sector has also decided to make an investment on e-technologies. Due to the development of e-banking and m-banking application, the users got the added advantage of making transactions sitting at home and led to the era of cashless transactions. The main tools of organizational performance are information quality, data quality and system quality. It is evident from a recent survey it is evident that the commercial banks which has adopted AIS system has got competitive advantage among others by achieving financial stability, real time update of client banking activities. Therefore, we conclude that the adoption of AIS system has led to vast advantage in the computing world, and so it is of great importance in the banking and commerce industry. Conclusion Despite all of the disadvantages of the clouds based accounting system, it does also has certain perks to it that makes for a strong case in favor of the software. The system helps small businesses to flourish with seemingly non-existent physical work and very low cost. The free updates and online backup storage systems ensure a business owner can access the relevant data from anywhere and anytime which can prove to be a huge relief in emergency situations. Thus we can conclude that clouds based accounting system is the thing small businesses should switch to. 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